Policies

Policies

Configuring Policies

The rasa.core.policies.Policy class decides which action to take at every step in the conversation.

There are different policies to choose from, and you can include multiple policies in a single rasa.core.agent.Agent.

Note

Per default a maximum of 10 next actions can be predicted by the agent after every user message. To update this value you can set the environment variable MAX_NUMBER_OF_PREDICTIONS to the desired number of maximum predictions.

Your project’s config.yml file takes a policies key which you can use to customize the policies your assistant uses. In the example below, the last two lines show how to use a custom policy class and pass arguments to it.

policies:
  - name: "KerasPolicy"
    featurizer:
    - name: MaxHistoryTrackerFeaturizer
      max_history: 5
      state_featurizer:
        - name: BinarySingleStateFeaturizer
  - name: "MemoizationPolicy"
    max_history: 5
  - name: "FallbackPolicy"
    nlu_threshold: 0.4
    core_threshold: 0.3
    fallback_action_name: "my_fallback_action"
  - name: "path.to.your.policy.class"
    arg1: "..."

Max History

One important hyperparameter for Rasa Core policies is the max_history. This controls how much dialogue history the model looks at to decide which action to take next.

You can set the max_history by passing it to your policy’s Featurizer in the policy configuration yaml file.

Note

Only the MaxHistoryTrackerFeaturizer uses a max history, whereas the FullDialogueTrackerFeaturizer always looks at the full conversation history. See Featurization of Conversations for details.

As an example, let’s say you have an out_of_scope intent which describes off-topic user messages. If your bot sees this intent multiple times in a row, you might want to tell the user what you can help them with. So your story might look like this:

* out_of_scope
   - utter_default
* out_of_scope
   - utter_default
* out_of_scope
   - utter_help_message

For Rasa Core to learn this pattern, the max_history has to be at least 4.

If you increase your max_history, your model will become bigger and training will take longer. If you have some information that should affect the dialogue very far into the future, you should store it as a slot. Slot information is always available for every featurizer.

Data Augmentation

When you train a model, by default Rasa Core will create longer stories by randomly gluing together the ones in your stories files. This is because if you have stories like:

# thanks
* thankyou
   - utter_youarewelcome

# bye
* goodbye
   - utter_goodbye

You actually want to teach your policy to ignore the dialogue history when it isn’t relevant and just respond with the same action no matter what happened before.

You can alter this behavior with the --augmentation flag. Which allows you to set the augmentation_factor. The augmentation_factor determines how many augmented stories are subsampled during training. The augmented stories are subsampled before training since their number can quickly become very large, and we want to limit it. The number of sampled stories is augmentation_factor x10. By default augmentation is set to 20, resulting in a maximum of 200 augmented stories.

--augmentation 0 disables all augmentation behavior. The memoization based policies are not affected by augmentation (independent of the augmentation_factor) and will automatically ignore all augmented stories.

Action Selection

At every turn, each policy defined in your configuration will predict a next action with a certain confidence level. For more information about how each policy makes its decision, read into the policy’s description below. The bot’s next action is then decided by the policy that predicts with the highest confidence.

In the case that two policies predict with equal confidence (for example, the Memoization and Mapping Policies always predict with confidence of either 0 or 1), the priority of the policies is considered. Rasa policies have default priorities that are set to ensure the expected outcome in the case of a tie. They look like this, where higher numbers have higher priority:

  1. FormPolicy

  2. FallbackPolicy and TwoStageFallbackPolicy

  3. MemoizationPolicy and AugmentedMemoizationPolicy

  4. MappingPolicy

  5. TEDPolicy, EmbeddingPolicy, KerasPolicy, and SklearnPolicy

This priority hierarchy ensures that, for example, if there is an intent with a mapped action, but the NLU confidence is not above the nlu_threshold, the bot will still fall back. In general, it is not recommended to have more than one policy per priority level, and some policies on the same priority level, such as the two fallback policies, strictly cannot be used in tandem.

If you create your own policy, use these priorities as a guide for figuring out the priority of your policy. If your policy is a machine learning policy, it should most likely have priority 1, the same as the Rasa machine learning policies.

Keras Policy

The KerasPolicy uses a neural network implemented in Keras to select the next action. The default architecture is based on an LSTM, but you can override the KerasPolicy.model_architecture method to implement your own architecture.

def model_architecture(
    self, input_shape: Tuple[int, int], output_shape: Tuple[int, Optional[int]]
) -> tf.keras.models.Sequential:
    """Build a keras model and return a compiled model."""

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
    from tensorflow.keras.layers import (
        Masking,
        LSTM,
        Dense,
        TimeDistributed,
        Activation,
    )

# Build Model
    model = Sequential()

# the shape of the y vector of the labels,
    # determines which output from rnn will be used
    # to calculate the loss
    if len(output_shape) == 1:
        # y is (num examples, num features) so
        # only the last output from the rnn is used to
        # calculate the loss
        model.add(Masking(mask_value=-1, input_shape=input_shape))
        model.add(LSTM(self.rnn_size, dropout=0.2))
        model.add(Dense(input_dim=self.rnn_size, units=output_shape[-1]))
    elif len(output_shape) == 2:
        # y is (num examples, max_dialogue_len, num features) so
        # all the outputs from the rnn are used to
        # calculate the loss, therefore a sequence is returned and
        # time distributed layer is used

# the first value in input_shape is max dialogue_len,
        # it is set to None, to allow dynamic_rnn creation
        # during prediction
        model.add(Masking(mask_value=-1, input_shape=(None, input_shape[1])))
        model.add(LSTM(self.rnn_size, return_sequences=True, dropout=0.2))
        model.add(TimeDistributed(Dense(units=output_shape[-1])))
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            "Cannot construct the model because"
            "length of output_shape = {} "
            "should be 1 or 2."
            "".format(len(output_shape))
        )

model.add(Activation("softmax"))

model.compile(
        loss="categorical_crossentropy", optimizer="rmsprop", metrics=["accuracy"]
    )

if common_utils.obtain_verbosity() > 0:
        model.summary()

return model

and the training is run here:

def train(
    self,
    training_trackers: List[DialogueStateTracker],
    domain: Domain,
    **kwargs: Any,
) -> None:

np.random.seed(self.random_seed)
    tf.random.set_seed(self.random_seed)

training_data = self.featurize_for_training(training_trackers, domain, **kwargs)
    # noinspection PyPep8Naming
    shuffled_X, shuffled_y = training_data.shuffled_X_y()

if self.model is None:
        self.model = self.model_architecture(
            shuffled_X.shape[1:], shuffled_y.shape[1:]
        )

logger.debug(
        f"Fitting model with {training_data.num_examples()} total samples and a "
        f"validation split of {self.validation_split}."
    )

# filter out kwargs that cannot be passed to fit
    self._train_params = self._get_valid_params(
        self.model.fit, **self._train_params
    )

self.model.fit(
        shuffled_X,
        shuffled_y,
        epochs=self.epochs,
        batch_size=self.batch_size,
        shuffle=False,
        verbose=common_utils.obtain_verbosity(),
        **self._train_params,
    )
    self.current_epoch = self.epochs

logger.debug("Done fitting Keras Policy model.")

You can implement the model of your choice by overriding these methods, or initialize KerasPolicy with pre-defined keras model.

In order to get reproducible training results for the same inputs you can set the random_seed attribute of the KerasPolicy to any integer.

Mapping Policy

The MappingPolicy can be used to directly map intents to actions. The mappings are assigned by giving an intent the property triggers, e.g.:

intents:
 - ask_is_bot:
     triggers: action_is_bot

An intent can only be mapped to at most one action. The bot will run the mapped action once it receives a message of the triggering intent. Afterwards, it will listen for the next message. With the next user message, normal prediction will resume.

If you do not want your intent-action mapping to affect the dialogue history, the mapped action must return a UserUtteranceReverted() event. This will delete the user’s latest message, along with any events that happened after it, from the dialogue history. This means you should not include the intent-action interaction in your stories.

Memoization Policy

The MemoizationPolicy just memorizes the conversations in your training data. It predicts the next action with confidence 1.0 if this exact conversation exists in the training data, otherwise it predicts None with confidence 0.0.